Here is a comprehensive list of digraphs (two letters that make one sound) in the English language, categorized by type:

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1. Consonant Digraphs

These are combinations of two consonants that produce a single sound:

Digraph	Sound Example	Word Example
ch	/tʃ/ as in “church”	church, cheese, chair
sh	/ʃ/ as in “shoe”	shoe, ship, shop
th	/θ/ or /ð/	thin, this, three
ph	/f/ as in “phone”	phone, graph, phase
wh	/w/ as in “wheel”	when, where, wheel
ck	/k/ as in “clock”	clock, duck, sick
gh	Silent or /f/	laugh, ghost, night
ng	/ŋ/ as in “ring”	sing, long, king
wr	Silent w (/r/)	write, wrong, wrist
kn	Silent k (/n/)	know, knife, knock
sc	/s/ as in “science”	science, scene

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2. Vowel Digraphs

These involve two vowels that combine to make a single vowel sound:

Digraph	Sound Example	Word Example
ai	Long a (/eɪ/)	rain, train, mail
ay	Long a (/eɪ/)	play, day, may
ea	Long e (/iː/) or short e (/ɛ/)	eat, bread, dream
ee	Long e (/iː/)	see, tree, bee
ie	Long i (/aɪ/) or long e (/iː/)	pie, field, believe
oa	Long o (/oʊ/)	boat, goat, road
oe	Long o (/oʊ/)	toe, foe, goes
ue	Long u (/juː/)	blue, true, argue
ou	/aʊ/ or /uː/	out, cloud, soup
ow	/aʊ/ or /oʊ/	cow, snow, grow

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3. Mixed Digraphs (Vowel + Consonant)

These involve one vowel and one consonant:

Digraph	Sound Example	Word Example
ar	/ɑːr/ or /aɹ/	car, star, part
er	/ɜːr/ or /ɚ/	her, term, tiger
ir	/ɜːr/ or /ɚ/	bird, first, girl
or	/ɔːr/ or /oɹ/	for, more, corn
ur	/ɜːr/ or /ɚ/	turn, burn, nurse

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4. Silent Letter Digraphs

These digraphs include one silent letter:

Digraph	Word Example
gn	gnome, sign, gnaw
ps	psychology, pseudo, psychic
mb	comb, lamb, climb

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5. Less Common Digraphs

Some digraphs appear less frequently or in specialized contexts:

Digraph	Sound Example	Word Example
qu	/kw/	quick, queen, quiz
ew	/juː/ or /uː/	new, few, blew
au	/ɔː/	autumn, cause, pause
aw	/ɔː/	saw, claw, raw
oi	/ɔɪ/	coin, boil, join
oy	/ɔɪ/	boy, toy, joy

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