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Beginner (A1)

These are the main topics covered in A1 level grammar.

• Present simple tense
• Personal pronouns
• Definite and indefinite articles
• Singular and plural nouns
• Basic prepositions of place (e.g., in, on, under)
• Basic prepositions of time (e.g., at, on, in)
• Basic verb conjugation (e.g., to be, to have, to do)
• Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
• Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those)
• Present continuous tense (simple actions and future plans)
• Basic question forms (yes/no questions and WH-questions)
• Adjectives for describing people, places, and things
• Adverbs of frequency (e.g., always, usually, sometimes)
• Comparatives and superlatives (e.g., bigger, biggest)
• Simple past tense (regular and irregular verbs)
• Imperatives (giving commands and instructions)
• Basic modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must)
• Future with ‘going to’ (plans and intentions)
• Future with ‘will’ (predictions and spontaneous decisions)
• Countable and uncountable nouns
• Present perfect tense (experiences and past actions with relevance to the present)
• Basic phrasal verbs and expressions (e.g., look after, take off)

These topics cover the fundamental grammar structures and concepts typically taught at the A1 level of English proficiency.

Elementary (A2)

These are the main topics covered in A2 level grammar.

• Review of A1 topics
• Past simple tense (regular and irregular verbs)
• Comparative and superlative adjectives (e.g., more, most)
• Future with ‘going to’ (intentions and plans)
• Future with ‘will’ (predictions and promises)
• Present continuous tense (actions happening now)
• Adverbs of frequency (e.g., always, usually, sometimes)
• Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, should)
• Possessive ‘s and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)
• Prepositions of time (e.g., at, on, in)
• Prepositions of place (e.g., at, on, in, to, from)
• Present perfect tense (experiences, unfinished actions with a connection to the present)
• Past continuous tense (actions in progress at a specific time in the past)
• Indefinite pronouns (some, any, no, every)
• Reported speech (statements, questions, commands)
• Conditional sentences (first conditional)
• Phrasal verbs (basic usage)
• Gerunds and infinitives (basic usage)
• Direct and indirect objects
• Comparative and superlative adverbs (e.g., more, most)
• Passive voice (basic usage)

These topics cover the grammar structures and concepts typically taught at the A2 level of English proficiency.

Pre-intermediate (B1)

These are the main topics covered in B1 level grammar.

• Review of A2 topics
• Past perfect tense (events before a past time)
• Future perfect tense (events before a future time)
• Present perfect continuous tense (actions started in the past and continue into the present)
• Past perfect continuous tense (actions started and continued up to a certain point in the past)
• Conditional sentences (second and third conditionals)
• Reported speech (statements, questions, commands – more complex)
• Modal verbs (review and expanded usage)
• Passive voice (expanded usage)
• Relative clauses (defining and non-defining)
• Gerunds and infinitives (advanced usage)
• Conditional perfect (conditional sentences with past perfect)
• Indirect questions
• Phrasal verbs (intermediate usage)
• Expressing purpose with ‘to’ and ‘for’
• Expressing contrast with ‘although’ and ‘despite’
• Expressing condition with ‘unless’ and ‘provided that’
• Expressing reason with ‘because’, ‘since’, ‘as’
• Expressing result with ‘so’, ‘such’, ‘enough’
• Emphatic structures (e.g., It is… who/that, What…!)

These topics cover the grammar structures and concepts typically taught at the B1 level of English proficiency.

Intermediate (B2)

These are the main topics covered in B2 level grammar.

• Review of B1 topics
• Present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous
• Past perfect simple vs. past perfect continuous
• Future perfect simple vs. future perfect continuous
• Conditional sentences (mixed conditionals)
• Reported speech (review and more complex structures)
• Modal verbs (review and nuanced usage)
• Passive voice (review and more complex structures)
• Relative clauses (review and advanced usage)
• Gerunds and infinitives (review and advanced usage)
• Participle clauses (present and past participle)
• Phrasal verbs (advanced usage)
• Causative structures (have/get something done)
• Inversion (negative adverbials, adverbial phrases, and adverbial clauses)
• Emphatic structures (cleft sentences, fronting, inversion)
• Subjunctive mood (expressing wishes, suggestions, and hypothetical situations)
• Reduced relative clauses (defining and non-defining)
• Advanced conjunctions and linking devices
• Advanced expressions of purpose, contrast, condition, reason, and result
• Ellipsis (omission of words in clauses and sentences)
• Parallelism and coordination in complex sentences

B2 Grammar Exercises

1. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. I __________ (to live) here for five years.
   • A) have lived
   • B) have been living
   • C) lived
2. She __________ (to work) on this project since January.
   • A) has been working
   • B) has worked
   • C) worked
3. They __________ (to study) English for three years now.
   • A) have studied
   • B) have been studying
   • C) studied
4. He is tired because he __________ (to run) for an hour.
   • A) has run
   • B) has been running
   • C) ran
5. We __________ (to wait) for the bus for over an hour.
   • A) have waited
   • B) have been waiting
   • C) waited

Gap Fill

6. You __________ (to read) that book yet?
   • _____ have read
7. The children __________ (to play) outside all afternoon.
   • _____ have been playing
8. She __________ (to learn) French for two years.
   • _____ has learned
9. They __________ (to try) to call you several times.
   • _____ have tried
10. I feel great! I __________ (to exercise) every day.

• _____ have been exercising

2. Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous

Multiple-Choice Questions

11. When he arrived, the meeting __________ (to start).

• A) had started
• B) had been starting
• C) started

12. She explained that she __________ (to study) for the test before the exam.

• A) had studied
• B) had been studying
• C) studied

13. They __________ (to play) soccer for an hour when it started to rain.

• A) had played
• B) had been playing
• C) played

14. I __________ (to eat) before they got there.

• A) had eaten
• B) had been eating
• C) ate

15. We __________ (to wait) for two hours when the bus finally arrived.

• A) had waited
• B) had been waiting
• C) waited

Gap Fill

16. By the time she joined the team, they __________ (to complete) two projects.

• _____ had completed

17. He was tired because he __________ (to work) the night before.

• _____ had been working

18. After they __________ (to leave), the party became quiet.

• _____ had left

19. When I got home, my sister __________ (to cook) dinner for over an hour.

• _____ had been cooking

20. They __________ (to see) that movie before the official release.

• _____ had seen

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Answers

Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. have you read
7. have been playing
8. has learned
9. have tried
10. have been exercising

Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous

11. A
12. B
13. B
14. A
15. B
16. had completed
17. had been working
18. had left
19. had been cooking
20. had seen

B2 Grammar Exercises

1. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. She __________ (to write) her novel since last year.
   • A) has written
   • B) has been writing
   • C) wrote
2. They __________ (to travel) to several countries this year.
   • A) have traveled
   • B) have been traveling
   • C) traveled
3. I __________ (to clean) the house for three hours.
   • A) have cleaned
   • B) have been cleaning
   • C) cleaned
4. He is exhausted because he __________ (to work) all night.
   • A) has worked
   • B) has been working
   • C) worked
5. We __________ (to wait) for your reply since Monday.
   • A) have waited
   • B) have been waiting
   • C) waited

Gap Fill

6. How long __________ (to know) her?
   • _____ have you known
7. The baby __________ (to sleep) for hours.
   • _____ has been sleeping
8. She __________ (to love) books since she was a child.
   • _____ has loved
9. They __________ (to visit) us before.
   • _____ have visited
10. I can tell you’re out of breath. You __________ (to run).
    
    * _____ have been running

2. Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous

Multiple-Choice Questions

11. She said that she __________ (to finish) her homework before dinner.
    
    * A) had finished
    
    * B) had been finishing
    
    * C) finished
12. They __________ (to watch) TV for an hour before the electricity went out.
    
    * A) had watched
    
    * B) had been watching
    
    * C) watched
13. By the time I arrived, he __________ (to leave).
    
    * A) had left
    
    * B) had been leaving
    
    * C) left
14. She __________ (to play) the piano when I walked in.
    
    * A) had played
    
    * B) had been playing
    
    * C) played
15. We __________ (to finish) the project before the deadline.
    
    * A) had finished
    
    * B) had been finishing
    
    * C) finished

Gap Fill

16. After he __________ (to arrive), the meeting started.
    
    * _____ had arrived
17. She was tired because she __________ (to study) all night.
    
    * _____ had been studying
18. When the fire alarm rang, they __________ (to eat) dinner.
    
    * _____ had been eating
19. By the time we got to the cinema, the film __________ (to start).
    
    * _____ had started
20. He realized he __________ (to forget) his keys.
    
    * _____ had forgotten

Answers

Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. have you known
7. has been sleeping
8. has loved
9. have visited
10. have been running

Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous

11. A
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. A
16. had arrived
17. had been studying
18. had been eating
19. had started
20. had forgotten

These topics cover the grammar structures and concepts typically taught at the B2 level of English proficiency.

Upper Intermediate (C1)

These are the main topics covered in C1 level grammar.

• Review of B2 topics
• Subjunctive mood (advanced usage)
• Advanced conditional sentences (hypothetical situations, unreal past conditions)
• Advanced reported speech (complex reporting verbs, tense changes)
• Advanced modal verbs (nuanced usage, probability, deduction)
• Emphatic structures (advanced cleft sentences, inversion)
• Advanced passive voice (more complex structures, passive infinitives)
• Advanced relative clauses (reduced relative clauses, relative pronouns)
• Advanced participle clauses (present and past participle, perfect participle)
• Advanced gerunds and infinitives (passive gerunds, perfect infinitives)
• Advanced phrasal verbs (idiomatic usage, phrasal verbs with multiple meanings)
• Advanced conjunctions and linking devices (cohesive devices, discourse markers)
• Advanced expressions of purpose, contrast, condition, reason, and result
• Complex sentence structures (parallelism, coordination, subordination)
• Advanced punctuation and sentence mechanics
• Style and register (formal vs. informal language, idiomatic expressions)
• Idiomatic language and collocations
• Advanced vocabulary acquisition strategies
• Advanced discourse analysis and text comprehension

These topics cover the grammar structures and concepts typically taught at the C1 level of English proficiency.

Advanced (C2)

At the C2 level, learners typically focus on refining their language skills to near-native proficiency. Here are the main topics covered in C2 level grammar:

• Review and mastery of all grammar topics from lower levels
• Fine-tuning of complex grammatical structures and nuances
• Mastery of advanced sentence structures and syntax
• In-depth study of advanced verb forms and tenses, including all perfect and continuous forms
• Mastery of complex conditional sentences, including mixed conditionals and hypothetical situations
• Proficiency in reported speech, including all tense changes and reporting verbs
• Advanced understanding and usage of modal verbs in various contexts
• Complete mastery of passive voice, including advanced constructions and passive infinitives
• Comprehensive knowledge of advanced relative clauses, participle clauses, and other complex sentence structures
• Proficiency in using gerunds and infinitives in all contexts, including passive gerunds and perfect infinitives
• Mastery of phrasal verbs, including idiomatic usage and phrasal verbs with multiple meanings
• Advanced mastery of conjunctions and linking devices for cohesive writing and speaking
• Proficiency in expressing purpose, contrast, condition, reason, and result with precision and clarity
• Expertise in using punctuation and sentence mechanics to convey complex meanings effectively
• Mastery of formal and informal language registers, idiomatic expressions, and collocations
• Vocabulary expansion and acquisition of nuanced and idiomatic language
• Advanced discourse analysis and text comprehension skills, including inference and critical analysis

These topics cover the grammar structures and concepts typically taught at the highest level of English proficiency, aiming for native-like fluency and accuracy.

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