Here’s a selection of vocabulary organized by common IELTS themes to help you prepare. These words cover different aspects of both the IELTS Speaking and Writing sections, particularly for achieving a higher band score.
1. Education
- Curriculum: the subjects studied in a school or college.
- Pedagogy: the method and practice of teaching.
- Literacy: the ability to read and write.
- Scholarship: financial aid awarded to a student.
- Extracurricular: activities outside of the regular academic curriculum.
- Tuition fees: money paid for education.
- Vocational: relating to job skills training.
- Compulsory: required or mandatory.
- Assessment: the act of judging or evaluating.
2. Environment
- Sustainable: capable of being maintained without exhausting natural resources.
- Conservation: preservation and protection of the environment.
- Biodiversity: the variety of life in an area.
- Pollution: harmful substances in the environment.
- Deforestation: the removal of trees from forests.
- Climate change: long-term alteration in temperature and weather patterns.
- Renewable resources: resources that can be replenished naturally.
- Endangered species: species at risk of extinction.
- Habitat: the natural home of an organism.
3. Technology
- Innovation: new methods, ideas, or products.
- Automation: the use of machines to perform tasks.
- Artificial Intelligence: the simulation of human intelligence by machines.
- Data privacy: protecting personal information.
- Cybersecurity: measures to protect against cyber attacks.
- Digital divide: the gap between those with and without access to technology.
- Breakthrough: an important development or discovery.
- E-commerce: commercial transactions conducted electronically.
- Cutting-edge: highly advanced or innovative.
4. Health
- Well-being: the state of being comfortable, healthy, and happy.
- Sedentary lifestyle: a way of life with little physical activity.
- Nutrition: the process of obtaining food necessary for health.
- Immunity: the body’s ability to resist infection.
- Preventive care: measures taken to prevent disease.
- Epidemic: a widespread occurrence of disease.
- Mental health: emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
- Chronic disease: a long-lasting disease.
- Vaccination: injection to protect against disease.
5. Economy
- Recession: a period of temporary economic decline.
- Inflation: a general increase in prices.
- Unemployment: the state of not having a job.
- Investment: putting money into something for profit.
- Globalization: the process by which businesses operate internationally.
- Standard of living: level of wealth and comfort.
- Debt: money owed.
- Entrepreneur: a person who starts a business.
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of goods and services produced in a country.
6. Society
- Inequality: the unequal distribution of resources or opportunities.
- Cultural diversity: a variety of cultural or ethnic groups.
- Social justice: fair and equal treatment of all members of society.
- Urbanization: the increase of people living in cities.
- Demographic: relating to the population and groups within it.
- Integration: combining different groups into a society.
- Multicultural: consisting of multiple cultures.
- Discrimination: unfair treatment based on a group characteristic.
- Heritage: something inherited from past generations.
7. Work and Employment
- Job satisfaction: the fulfillment one gets from work.
- Workforce: the group of people employed in a specific area.
- Productivity: the efficiency of work output.
- Freelance: working independently, rather than for a company.
- Occupation: a person’s job or profession.
- Promotion: advancement to a higher position.
- Redundant: no longer needed or useful (job loss).
- Job security: the probability that one’s job is secure.
- Work-life balance: managing work and personal life.
8. Science and Research
- Hypothesis: an idea that can be tested through experiments.
- Empirical: based on observation or experience.
- Experiment: a test conducted to prove or disprove a hypothesis.
- Theory: a system of ideas to explain something.
- Genetics: the study of heredity and inherited traits.
- Breakthrough: a significant scientific discovery.
- Innovation: the act of introducing new methods or ideas.
- Evidence: information that supports a claim.
- Scientific method: steps for testing hypotheses.
Certainly! Here’s an extended list of IELTS vocabulary across several additional themes to further broaden your range.
9. Crime and Law
- Legislation: laws considered collectively.
- Jurisdiction: the official power to make legal decisions.
- Deterrent: a measure that discourages people from doing something.
- Sentence: the punishment given to someone found guilty.
- Rehabilitation: the process of reintegration into society.
- Incarceration: imprisonment.
- Recidivism: the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.
- Probation: a period of supervised freedom for offenders.
- Community service: unpaid work intended as punishment.
10. Media and Communication
- Broadcast: to transmit (programs) via radio or TV.
- Censorship: restricting or controlling media content.
- Sensationalism: using shocking or exaggerated stories to attract attention.
- Bias: prejudice in favor of or against something.
- Tabloid: newspapers focused on sensational news.
- Propaganda: information used to promote a particular political cause.
- Journalism: the profession of reporting or writing news.
- Editorial: an article expressing opinions.
- Public relations: managing the public image of a company or individual.
11. Culture and Society
- Tradition: customs or beliefs passed down through generations.
- Heritage: the legacy of cultural elements from ancestors.
- Ethnicity: the state of belonging to a social group with a common culture.
- Ritual: a formal ceremony or series of acts.
- Norms: accepted standards of behavior in society.
- Assimilation: adopting the customs of another culture.
- Folk: traditional art, literature, knowledge, and practices.
- Cultural appropriation: adopting elements of one culture by another.
- Patriarchy: a social system dominated by men.
12. Transportation and Infrastructure
- Infrastructure: the basic physical and organizational structures (roads, bridges, etc.).
- Congestion: overcrowding, especially in traffic.
- Commute: travel from home to work or school.
- Public transport: buses, trains, etc., available for public use.
- Carpooling: sharing car journeys to reduce traffic and pollution.
- Logistics: planning and coordinating movement of goods.
- Subsidy: financial support from the government.
- Urban sprawl: uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.
- Emission: release of gas or pollution into the environment.
13. Global Issues
- Poverty: the state of being extremely poor.
- Famine: severe shortage of food.
- Refugee: someone who has been forced to flee their country.
- Humanitarian aid: assistance given to relieve human suffering.
- Inequality: lack of equality between people.
- Corruption: dishonest conduct, often involving bribery.
- Conflict: a serious disagreement or argument.
- Diplomacy: managing international relations.
- Genocide: systematic killing of a large group, usually ethnic or national.
14. Economy and Finance
- Subsidize: to support financially.
- Inflation: rise in prices.
- Deficit: the amount by which expenses exceed income.
- Investment: spending resources with an expectation of profit.
- Subprime: loans made to borrowers with low credit ratings.
- Capital: money for investment.
- Tariff: a tax on imports or exports.
- Recession: a period of economic decline.
- Currency: a system of money.
15. Family and Relationships
- Nuclear family: a family unit of two parents and children.
- Extended family: family including relatives beyond the nuclear family.
- Sibling rivalry: competition between siblings.
- Upbringing: the way a child is raised.
- Kinship: family ties or relationships.
- Divorce: legal dissolution of a marriage.
- Custody: the protective care of someone or something.
- Foster care: a system where minors are placed with caregivers.
- Patriarchal: family structure dominated by males.
16. Health and Fitness
- Metabolism: the process of converting food into energy.
- Endurance: the ability to withstand fatigue.
- Cardiovascular: relating to the heart and blood vessels.
- Obesity: excess body fat that presents health risks.
- Sedentary: a lifestyle with little movement.
- Nutrition: the science of food and its effect on health.
- Hygiene: practices to maintain health and prevent disease.
- Immunity: the ability to resist infection.
- Rehabilitation: recovery and therapy after illness or injury.
17. Technology and Innovation
- Breakthrough: a significant development or discovery.
- Encryption: the process of encoding information.
- Bandwidth: the amount of data that can be transferred in a set time.
- Quantum computing: advanced computing based on quantum theory.
- Machine learning: a branch of AI that enables computers to learn from data.
- Algorithm: a set of rules for solving problems, often by computers.
- Wearable technology: electronic devices worn as accessories.
- Nanotechnology: science of manipulating materials at a molecular level.
- Cloud computing: storing and accessing data over the internet.
18. Art and Literature
- Genre: a category of art, music, or literature.
- Narrative: a spoken or written account of connected events.
- Symbolism: using symbols to represent ideas.
- Aesthetic: concerned with beauty or artistic expression.
- Protagonist: the main character in a story.
- Metaphor: a figure of speech implying comparison.
- Satire: use of humor to criticize.
- Abstract: art that does not depict reality explicitly.
- Renaissance: revival of art and literature in the 14th-17th centuries.
19. Science and Technology
- Innovation: the introduction of new ideas or methods.
- Research: careful study to find and report new knowledge.
- Astronomy: the study of celestial bodies.
- Biotechnology: technology based on biology.
- Hypothesis: an assumption made for testing.
- Experiment: a scientific procedure to test a hypothesis.
- Genetics: the study of heredity.
- Forensic science: scientific methods used in criminal investigations.
- Climate science: the study of climate and climate change.
20. Employment and Business
- Entrepreneur: a person who starts a business.
- Corporate: relating to large companies or groups.
- Freelance: working independently.
- Outsource: obtain services from an external provider.
- Merger: joining of two companies into one.
- Profit margin: difference between sales and production costs.
- Revenue: income from sales or services.
- Stakeholder: a person with interest in a company.
- Job market: demand and availability of employment.
Of course! Here’s an extended vocabulary list across additional themes for further IELTS preparation.
21. Psychology and Human Behavior
- Cognition: the mental action of acquiring knowledge and understanding.
- Resilience: the ability to recover from setbacks.
- Empathy: the ability to understand others’ feelings.
- Self-actualization: realizing one’s full potential.
- Perception: the way something is regarded or understood.
- Introspection: examining one’s own thoughts and feelings.
- Conditioning: training or accustoming someone to behave in a certain way.
- Psyche: the human soul, mind, or spirit.
- Habituation: becoming accustomed to a stimulus or environment.
22. History and Archaeology
- Artifact: an object made by humans, typically an item of historical interest.
- Excavation: the process of digging up the remains of the past.
- Ancient civilization: early complex societies with cultural and technological advancements.
- Chronology: arrangement of events in time order.
- Era: a long and distinct period in history.
- Heritage site: a location with historical, cultural, or natural importance.
- Dynasty: a line of rulers from the same family.
- Renaissance: a period of cultural rebirth.
- Preservation: maintaining artifacts and sites for future generations.
23. Tourism and Travel
- Tourism: the commercial organization of vacations and visits to places of interest.
- Itinerary: a planned route or journey.
- Ecotourism: tourism directed towards natural environments.
- Landmark: a recognizable natural or man-made feature.
- Customs: the traditional practices of a culture or society.
- Hospitality: friendly reception and treatment of guests.
- Visa: an official document permitting entry into a foreign country.
- Accommodation: a place where travelers can stay.
- Souvenir: an item purchased to remember a place or experience.
24. Agriculture and Food Production
- Agronomy: the science of soil management and crop production.
- Irrigation: supplying water to crops for growth.
- Crop rotation: planting different crops to maintain soil fertility.
- Harvest: the process of gathering ripe crops.
- Organic farming: farming without synthetic chemicals.
- Genetically modified (GM): altering the genetic material of organisms.
- Pesticide: substances used to kill pests.
- Yield: the amount of crop produced.
- Subsistence farming: farming to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.
25. Social Issues
- Marginalization: treatment of a group as insignificant.
- Poverty line: the minimum income level considered adequate.
- Welfare: government support for the poor and needy.
- Advocacy: public support for a cause or policy.
- Inequality: lack of equality in rights and opportunities.
- Human rights: basic rights and freedoms to which all are entitled.
- Discrimination: unfair treatment based on characteristics.
- Social mobility: movement of individuals between social strata.
- Gentrification: the transformation of a low-income area to appeal to the affluent.
26. Energy and Environment
- Renewable energy: energy from resources that can be replenished.
- Fossil fuels: energy sources from organic material (coal, oil, gas).
- Greenhouse gases: gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
- Carbon footprint: the amount of carbon emissions created by activities.
- Deforestation: the clearing of forests.
- Biofuel: fuel derived from organic materials.
- Sustainable development: development that meets current needs without harming future generations.
- Pollutant: a substance that causes pollution.
- Degradation: deterioration of the environment.
27. Politics and Government
- Democracy: a system of government by the whole population.
- Diplomacy: managing international relations.
- Referendum: a vote by the electorate on a specific issue.
- Bureaucracy: complex system of administrative procedures.
- Policy: a course of action adopted by a government.
- Lobbying: attempting to influence policymakers.
- Constituent: a member of a community with political representation.
- Legislature: the body of government responsible for making laws.
- Autonomy: the right to self-government.
28. Science and Space Exploration
- Orbit: the curved path of a celestial object.
- Astronaut: a person trained to travel in space.
- Atmosphere: the layer of gases surrounding a planet.
- Gravity: the force that attracts objects towards the center of the earth.
- Exoplanet: a planet outside our solar system.
- Cosmos: the universe as an orderly system.
- Astrobiology: the study of life in the universe.
- Meteorite: a piece of rock or metal that reaches the earth’s surface from space.
- Interstellar: occurring between stars.
29. Art and Music
- Genre: a specific style or category in art, literature, or music.
- Composition: the arrangement of elements in an artwork or musical piece.
- Abstract: art that does not depict recognizable reality.
- Symphony: a complex musical composition for orchestra.
- Exhibition: a public display of art.
- Avant-garde: experimental or innovative, especially in art.
- Portrait: a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person.
- Aesthetic: concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.
- Medium: the material used in art creation.
30. Economics and Trade
- Tariff: a tax on imported goods.
- Import: bringing goods or services into a country from abroad.
- Export: sending goods or services to another country for sale.
- Inflation: the increase in prices and fall in purchasing value.
- Balance of trade: the difference between a country’s exports and imports.
- Subsidy: financial support from the government.
- Monetary policy: policies affecting money supply and interest rates.
- Stock market: a marketplace for buying and selling shares.
- Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership.
31. Technology and Digital Media
- Algorithm: a set of rules or instructions in computing.
- Blockchain: a system of recording transactions across multiple computers.
- Big data: large datasets analyzed to reveal patterns or trends.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): machines that simulate human intelligence.
- Cryptocurrency: a digital or virtual currency.
- Augmented Reality (AR): technology that superimposes digital content in the real world.
- Cybersecurity: measures to protect computer systems from cyber attacks.
- Virtual reality (VR): a simulated experience created by technology.
- Cloud computing: storing and accessing data over the internet.
32. Language and Communication
- Linguistics: the scientific study of language.
- Dialect: a regional form of a language.
- Fluency: the ability to express oneself easily in a language.
- Phonetics: the study of sounds in speech.
- Syntax: the arrangement of words in sentences.
- Semantics: the meaning of words and phrases.
- Bilingual: able to speak two languages.
- Context: the circumstances surrounding a word or phrase.
- Translation: converting text from one language to another.
33. Urban Development and Housing
- Urbanization: the increase in population in cities.
- Infrastructure: basic physical structures like roads and bridges.
- Gentrification: the transformation of neighborhoods by incoming affluent residents.
- Affordable housing: housing that is affordable to lower-income people.
- Real estate: property consisting of land or buildings.
- Metropolitan: relating to a large city.
- Suburb: a residential area on the outskirts of a city.
- Zoning: designating specific areas for different types of development.
- Landlord: a person who rents property to tenants.
Of course! Here’s an extended vocabulary list across additional themes for further IELTS preparation.
21. Psychology and Human Behavior
- Cognition: the mental action of acquiring knowledge and understanding.
- Resilience: the ability to recover from setbacks.
- Empathy: the ability to understand others’ feelings.
- Self-actualization: realizing one’s full potential.
- Perception: the way something is regarded or understood.
- Introspection: examining one’s own thoughts and feelings.
- Conditioning: training or accustoming someone to behave in a certain way.
- Psyche: the human soul, mind, or spirit.
- Habituation: becoming accustomed to a stimulus or environment.
22. History and Archaeology
- Artifact: an object made by humans, typically an item of historical interest.
- Excavation: the process of digging up the remains of the past.
- Ancient civilization: early complex societies with cultural and technological advancements.
- Chronology: arrangement of events in time order.
- Era: a long and distinct period in history.
- Heritage site: a location with historical, cultural, or natural importance.
- Dynasty: a line of rulers from the same family.
- Renaissance: a period of cultural rebirth.
- Preservation: maintaining artifacts and sites for future generations.
23. Tourism and Travel
- Tourism: the commercial organization of vacations and visits to places of interest.
- Itinerary: a planned route or journey.
- Ecotourism: tourism directed towards natural environments.
- Landmark: a recognizable natural or man-made feature.
- Customs: the traditional practices of a culture or society.
- Hospitality: friendly reception and treatment of guests.
- Visa: an official document permitting entry into a foreign country.
- Accommodation: a place where travelers can stay.
- Souvenir: an item purchased to remember a place or experience.
24. Agriculture and Food Production
- Agronomy: the science of soil management and crop production.
- Irrigation: supplying water to crops for growth.
- Crop rotation: planting different crops to maintain soil fertility.
- Harvest: the process of gathering ripe crops.
- Organic farming: farming without synthetic chemicals.
- Genetically modified (GM): altering the genetic material of organisms.
- Pesticide: substances used to kill pests.
- Yield: the amount of crop produced.
- Subsistence farming: farming to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.
25. Social Issues
- Marginalization: treatment of a group as insignificant.
- Poverty line: the minimum income level considered adequate.
- Welfare: government support for the poor and needy.
- Advocacy: public support for a cause or policy.
- Inequality: lack of equality in rights and opportunities.
- Human rights: basic rights and freedoms to which all are entitled.
- Discrimination: unfair treatment based on characteristics.
- Social mobility: movement of individuals between social strata.
- Gentrification: the transformation of a low-income area to appeal to the affluent.
26. Energy and Environment
- Renewable energy: energy from resources that can be replenished.
- Fossil fuels: energy sources from organic material (coal, oil, gas).
- Greenhouse gases: gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
- Carbon footprint: the amount of carbon emissions created by activities.
- Deforestation: the clearing of forests.
- Biofuel: fuel derived from organic materials.
- Sustainable development: development that meets current needs without harming future generations.
- Pollutant: a substance that causes pollution.
- Degradation: deterioration of the environment.
27. Politics and Government
- Democracy: a system of government by the whole population.
- Diplomacy: managing international relations.
- Referendum: a vote by the electorate on a specific issue.
- Bureaucracy: complex system of administrative procedures.
- Policy: a course of action adopted by a government.
- Lobbying: attempting to influence policymakers.
- Constituent: a member of a community with political representation.
- Legislature: the body of government responsible for making laws.
- Autonomy: the right to self-government.
28. Science and Space Exploration
- Orbit: the curved path of a celestial object.
- Astronaut: a person trained to travel in space.
- Atmosphere: the layer of gases surrounding a planet.
- Gravity: the force that attracts objects towards the center of the earth.
- Exoplanet: a planet outside our solar system.
- Cosmos: the universe as an orderly system.
- Astrobiology: the study of life in the universe.
- Meteorite: a piece of rock or metal that reaches the earth’s surface from space.
- Interstellar: occurring between stars.
29. Art and Music
- Genre: a specific style or category in art, literature, or music.
- Composition: the arrangement of elements in an artwork or musical piece.
- Abstract: art that does not depict recognizable reality.
- Symphony: a complex musical composition for orchestra.
- Exhibition: a public display of art.
- Avant-garde: experimental or innovative, especially in art.
- Portrait: a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person.
- Aesthetic: concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.
- Medium: the material used in art creation.
30. Economics and Trade
- Tariff: a tax on imported goods.
- Import: bringing goods or services into a country from abroad.
- Export: sending goods or services to another country for sale.
- Inflation: the increase in prices and fall in purchasing value.
- Balance of trade: the difference between a country’s exports and imports.
- Subsidy: financial support from the government.
- Monetary policy: policies affecting money supply and interest rates.
- Stock market: a marketplace for buying and selling shares.
- Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership.
31. Technology and Digital Media
- Algorithm: a set of rules or instructions in computing.
- Blockchain: a system of recording transactions across multiple computers.
- Big data: large datasets analyzed to reveal patterns or trends.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): machines that simulate human intelligence.
- Cryptocurrency: a digital or virtual currency.
- Augmented Reality (AR): technology that superimposes digital content in the real world.
- Cybersecurity: measures to protect computer systems from cyber attacks.
- Virtual reality (VR): a simulated experience created by technology.
- Cloud computing: storing and accessing data over the internet.
32. Language and Communication
- Linguistics: the scientific study of language.
- Dialect: a regional form of a language.
- Fluency: the ability to express oneself easily in a language.
- Phonetics: the study of sounds in speech.
- Syntax: the arrangement of words in sentences.
- Semantics: the meaning of words and phrases.
- Bilingual: able to speak two languages.
- Context: the circumstances surrounding a word or phrase.
- Translation: converting text from one language to another.
33. Urban Development and Housing
- Urbanization: the increase in population in cities.
- Infrastructure: basic physical structures like roads and bridges.
- Gentrification: the transformation of neighborhoods by incoming affluent residents.
- Affordable housing: housing that is affordable to lower-income people.
- Real estate: property consisting of land or buildings.
- Metropolitan: relating to a large city.
- Suburb: a residential area on the outskirts of a city.
- Zoning: designating specific areas for different types of development.
- Landlord: a person who rents property to tenants.
Absolutely, here’s an additional selection of high-level vocabulary across even more themes to help round out your IELTS preparation.
34. Philosophy and Ethics
- Existential: relating to human existence and experience.
- Morality: principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong.
- Utilitarianism: the belief that actions are right if they benefit the majority.
- Egoism: the theory that self-interest drives human actions.
- Empiricism: the theory that knowledge comes from experience.
- Ethics: moral principles that govern behavior.
- Altruism: selfless concern for others.
- Determinism: the belief that all events are caused by preceding factors.
- Ontology: the study of the nature of being.
35. Education and Learning
- Pedagogy: the art and science of teaching.
- Curriculum: the subjects comprising a course of study.
- Accreditation: official recognition or approval of an institution.
- Vocational: relating to career-oriented training.
- Literacy: the ability to read and write.
- Assessment: evaluating a student’s understanding.
- Extracurricular: activities outside the regular curriculum.
- Scholarship: a grant or payment for academic study.
- Apprenticeship: training under a skilled professional.
36. Health and Medicine
- Diagnosis: identification of an illness.
- Therapeutic: related to the healing of disease.
- Immunization: making a person immune to infection.
- Pathogen: a microorganism that causes disease.
- Pandemic: a disease outbreak on a global scale.
- Palliative care: relief of symptoms without curing the disease.
- Epidemiology: the study of disease distribution.
- Placebo: a substance with no therapeutic effect.
- Contagion: the spread of disease from one person to another.
37. Environment and Conservation
- Biodiversity: the variety of life in a particular habitat.
- Ecosystem: a community of interacting organisms.
- Conservation: protecting natural resources.
- Deforestation: removal of forests for other uses.
- Sustainable: maintaining balance in ecosystems.
- Carbon footprint: the total greenhouse gas emissions caused.
- Endangered: at risk of extinction.
- Reforestation: replanting trees to restore a forest.
- Habitat loss: destruction of an organism’s living space.
38. International Relations and Globalization
- Diplomacy: managing relations between countries.
- Sanctions: penalties imposed to enforce regulations.
- Multilateral: involving multiple countries.
- Sovereignty: supreme power or authority of a state.
- Embargo: a ban on trade with specific countries.
- Intervention: interference in another country’s affairs.
- Globalization: integration of global economies.
- Expatriate: a person residing outside their native country.
- Peacekeeping: maintaining peace between nations.
39. Science and Innovation
- Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
- Theoretical: concerned with ideas rather than practical application.
- Empirical: based on observation or experiment.
- Hypothesis testing: verifying an assumption through research.
- Variable: an element, feature, or factor in research.
- Data analysis: interpreting collected data to find insights.
- Paradigm shift: a major change in theory or practice.
- Innovation: introducing something new.
- Anomaly: a deviation from the norm.
40. Psychology and Human Emotions
- Cognition: mental processes of understanding.
- Subconscious: part of the mind not fully aware.
- Impulse: a sudden urge or desire.
- Rationalization: justifying behavior with logical reasoning.
- Self-esteem: confidence in one’s worth.
- Perception: the way something is viewed or understood.
- Intuition: an instinctive feeling.
- Emotional intelligence: the ability to understand and manage emotions.
- Catharsis: emotional release.
41. Law and Justice
- Jurisdiction: the official power to make legal decisions.
- Litigation: the process of taking legal action.
- Plaintiff: a person who brings a case against another.
- Defendant: an individual accused in a court case.
- Verdict: the decision of a court.
- Precedent: a prior case used as an example in legal proceedings.
- Arbitration: settling disputes outside the courts.
- Appeal: apply to a higher court for a reversal of a decision.
- Incarceration: imprisonment.
42. Sociology and Anthropology
- Social stratification: categorization based on socioeconomic status.
- Cultural relativism: viewing a culture based on its own standards.
- Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures by one’s own cultural standards.
- Assimilation: absorbing one culture into another.
- Subculture: a group within a larger culture with distinct values.
- Socialization: learning the norms and values of a society.
- Patriarchy: a social system dominated by males.
- Norms: accepted social behaviors.
- Rite of passage: a ceremony marking a transition.
43. Business and Entrepreneurship
- Startup: a new business in its initial stages.
- Innovation: creating new products or ideas.
- Scalability: the potential to grow and expand.
- Stakeholder: someone with an interest in a business.
- Revenue: income from business activities.
- Liability: a company’s legal debts or obligations.
- Merger: the combination of two companies.
- Asset: anything valuable owned by a company.
- Outsource: obtaining services from an external provider.
44. Ethics and Corporate Responsibility
- Corporate social responsibility: ethical responsibilities in business.
- Transparency: openness about business practices.
- Accountability: being responsible for actions.
- Sustainability: focusing on long-term environmental goals.
- Ethical dilemma: a situation requiring a choice between conflicting morals.
- Fair trade: trade that supports fair wages and conditions.
- Conflict of interest: personal interest conflicting with duty.
- Corporate governance: the system of rules by which a company is directed.
- Compliance: following laws and regulations.
45. Literature and Literary Analysis
- Protagonist: the main character in a story.
- Antagonist: a character opposing the protagonist.
- Motif: a recurring theme or element in literature.
- Foreshadowing: hints at future events in a story.
- Symbolism: using symbols to represent ideas.
- Irony: a contrast between expectation and reality.
- Allusion: indirect reference to another work or event.
- Metaphor: a comparison without “like” or “as.”
- Allegory: a story with a hidden meaning, usually moral.
46. Real Estate and Housing
- Mortgage: a loan used to buy property.
- Appraisal: estimating the value of property.
- Lease: a contract to rent property.
- Equity: the value of ownership in property.
- Foreclosure: taking possession due to unpaid mortgage.
- Property value: the worth of a property.
- Zoning: dividing land for different uses.
- Tenant: a person renting property.
- Realtor: a person who buys and sells property.
47. Trade and International Business
- Tariff: a tax on imports or exports.
- Trade deficit: when imports exceed exports.
- Export: selling goods to another country.
- Import: buying goods from another country.
- Free trade: trade without restrictions.
- Quota: a limit on imports or exports.
- Exchange rate: the value of one currency against another.
- Intellectual property: ownership of ideas or inventions.
- Foreign direct investment (FDI): investment in another country.
48. Architecture and Urban Planning
- Infrastructure: physical structures like roads and buildings.
- Urbanization: the growth of cities.
- Green space: areas of vegetation in urban settings.
- Mixed-use development: combining residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.
- Sustainable architecture: building with minimal environmental impact.
- Zoning laws: regulations for land use.
- Revitalization: rejuvenating urban areas.
- Historic preservation: protecting significant architecture.
- Public amenities: services provided for the public.
49. Technology and Artificial Intelligence
- Machine learning: a type of AI where computers learn patterns.
- Algorithm: a set of rules for solving a problem.
- Automation: technology that operates without human input.
- Blockchain: a secure record-keeping system.
- Quantum computing: computing based on quantum mechanics.
- Big data: extremely large data sets.
- Augmented reality
: overlaying digital images on reality.
- Natural language processing: AI interpreting human language.
- Internet of Things (IoT): devices connected to the internet.
Tips for Using Vocabulary Effectively:
- Context Matters: Always use vocabulary words in appropriate contexts to show you understand their meaning.
- Paraphrasing: In writing and speaking, use synonyms to avoid repetition, demonstrating your range.
- Complex Sentences: Aim for sentence variety and complexity but avoid forcing vocabulary into sentences.
- Practice Speaking: Practice aloud to sound natural with new vocabulary, especially in Speaking tasks.
Using these words thoughtfully in your IELTS answers can enhance your overall performance and make your responses more compelling!
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